Course reflection

Learning Theories and Instruction Reflection                                     Kaatri Percival

Before this class on learning theories and Instruction, I was abysmally ignorant about social learning and constructivist learning theories.  I also was out of touch with the universal significance and need of the social touch when designing and implementing instruction.

Even with nonsocial learning I realize that it is important to make learning materials significant and applicable to real world situations and that learners experience stronger motivation when they can view their learning in terms of fixing social/world problems as well as when these problems arouse emotion in them. Choosing the right learning theory to apply depends on where the needed knowledge falls on the learning continuum. (Ertmer and Newby, 1993)

A repeated recommendation in the course materials was the need to let students elaborate on the material they are working with to foster the best learning Ormrod, 2011). Giving student’s autonomy and self-determination are also key factors in increasing learning. This can be done through providing many materials which students select from to investigate and present back to the peers in an individualized fashion.  One of the ways to increase the “social touch” is to allow peers to participate in discussion about the information presented, having the instructor provide guidance and feedback, working to move the student to the next level of comprehension.  This is essential. (Ormrod, Schunk, and Gredler, 2009), (Keller, 2003)

This fits into the ARCS model of motivation.  Students can find their motivation increased by the instructor adding precise information on expectations and grading procedures to increase student confidence. Personal messaging to students is shone to increase student motivation with kind words, encouragement and resource helps that assist students to complete the course. (Keller, 2003)

An interesting finding in our reading about learning styles showed that students were not as tied to learning styles as once believed.  Students when failing to master material employing one learning style moved freely between others in an attempt to learn the required material. They did not seem tied to a particular style. (Gilbert and Swainer, 2008)

In one of John Keller’s books , Motivational Design for Learning and Performance: The ARCS Model Approach along with a useful table which meshes the instructional design model the ARCS motivational process, this book also includes helpful templates, worksheets, and tactics to increase the effectiveness of instruction.  Resources such as these will be helpful to me as I design instruction.                 

  

                 

References

Ertmer, P.A. & Newby, T.J. (1993) Behaviorism, Cognitivism, Constructivism:

Comparing Critical Features from an Instructional Design Perspective. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 6(4), by P. A. Ertmer & T. J. Newby. Copyright 1993 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Journals.

Gilbert, J., & Swanier, C. (2008). Learning styles: How do they fluctuate?

Institute for Learning Styles Journal [Vol. l]. Retrieved from http://www.auburn.edu/~witteje/ilsrj/Journal%20Volumes/Fall%202008%20Volume%201%20PDFs/Learning%20Styles%20How%20do%20They%20Fluctuate.pdf

Keller, J. M. (1999). Using the ARCS motivational process in

computer-based instruction and distance education. New Directions for Teaching and Learning (78)

Keller, J.M. (2010). Motivational Design for Learning and Performance: The ARCS

Model approach. Springer: New York.

Ormrod, Jean R, (2011). “Learning Styles and Strategies”, Walden

 University.

Ormrod, J., Schunk, D., & Gredler, M. (2009). Learning theories and

 instruction (Laureate custom edition). New York: Pearson.

Personal Learning Preference Revisited

Week 7

After reading the materials for this course, I believe that how I view myself as a learner has not changed.  If I were developing a course for myself I would consult the assumptions and apply the principles associated with Andragogy as described by Conlan, Grabowski and Smith in Emerging Perspectives on Learning, Teaching and Technology.

The five assumptions about adult learners attributed to Malcolm Knowles are:

• ·      Independent self-concept
• ·      Accumulation of life experiences
• ·      Learning needs related to changing social role
• ·      Is problem-centered and interested in immediate application
• ·      Internally motivated

These assumptions are reflected in the principles to apply in designing adult education with the addition that adults should be involved in the planning and evaluation of their instruction.  These principles allow adult learners to engage in learning as described by cognitive constructivist learning theory models.

In Learning Theories and Instruction, the instructional designer is given these directives for the “active application of ideas to problems“ where “the learner elaborates and interprets the given information.”

The designer is instructed to :

• ·      instruct the student on how to construct meaning, effectively monitor, evaluate, and update their constructions;
• ·      align and design experiences so that authentic, relevant contexts can be experienced.

An apprenticeship model would add, “modeling and coaching by experts, each experience building on the previous”

Ertmer and Newby in Behaviorism, Cognitivism: Comparing Critical Features From an Instructional Design Perspective describe the facilitation of learning or transfer in constructivist learning, “Transfer is facilitated by involvement in authentic tasks anchored in meaningful contexts.  The goal of instruction is to accurately portray tasks, not to define the structure of learning required.”

My learning styles being visual and independent, but not those of an isolationist, fits well into the wellspring of technological resources that facilitate adult constructivist learning. The Netports System describes the use of technology that supports this type of learning, my type of learning.  The following information came from an article in the British Journal of Technology, July 2007, by Shu-Ling Wangand Sunny S. J Lin:

The NetPorts system thus includes: (1) a bulletin board function, allowing students to post messages, questions, arguments, responses and requests for help from teachers or classmates and (2) a chat room, allowing for structured group discussions among cooperative learning teams. With regards to the latter, teachers are able to create additional chat rooms for the exclusive use of a spe-cific group of students.

In addition, the NetPorts system allows teachers to either present learning materials in HTML format or design their own scaffolding activities to aid students in making use of the appropriate cognitive strategies. Moreover, the system enables teachers to assign students or groups to create web-based portfolios. During our examination of system functionality, students were found to successfully plan, monitor, sort and store information in their web-based portfolios. Furthermore, students regularly reviewed their online portfolios, exhibiting the metacognition necessary for the self-assessment of their learning processes.

Finally, we added a peer-assessment module in order to overcome one of the major stumbling blocks to a successful execution of portfolio-centred learning: the teachers’ inability to spend sufficient time evaluating and providing quality feedback. Peer feed-back is a far easier and far less time-consuming practice than a rigorous teacher-centred feedback. In a previous study (Lin, Yang, Liu & Yuan, 2001), we found that high school- level computer programming students were capable of offering quality feedback sup- ported by high-level cognitive strategies.

Walden University runs on a similar scale through Sylvan Live, a technological medium for the education of adults.

Mind Map/ Social Networking Blog

To begin my discussion on social networking I would like to submit these conclusions from the following  article: Ties With Potential: Social Network Structure and Innovative Climate in Dutch Schools by Nienke M. Moolenaar, Alan J. Daly & Peter J. C. Sleegers — 2011

Their stated objective and conclusions:

Background/Context: Similar to the United States, government efforts to improve education in the Netherlands are focused on innovation and the development of collaborative structures to support the generation of new knowledge. However, empirical evidence of the relationship between social linkages and innovation in education is scarce.

Objective: The aim of the study was to examine the impact of social network structure on schools’ innovative climate, as mediated by teachers’ involvement in decision-making.

Conclusions/Recommendations: Findings indicated that the more densely connected teachers were in regard to work-related and personal advice, the more they perceived their schools’ climate to be supportive of innovation. Highly dense work-related network structures also typified teams that perceived strong teacher involvement in decision-making. Moreover, results suggested that the positive relationship between density of work-related advice networks and innovation-supportive school climate could be partially explained by increased shared decision-making. Implications of the study for teachers, organizations, leadership, and policy are discussed.

This additional information to their conclusion I thought very striking and significant:

The relationships around work-related and personal advice have at their core a willingness to be vulnerable and engage in a level of risk-taking. It is this willingness to be vulnerable and engage in risk-taking with multiple others in the organization that appears important for the development of innovations and the creation of new knowledge at the school level. Risk-taking and vulnerability are central to trusting relations, which have been found to support productivity, leadership, and a more responsive climate in schools (Bryk & Schneider, 2002; Daly, 2009; Frank et al., 2004; Tschannen-Moran, 2004). Our findings build on this work and suggest that relationships based in trust may also be associated with the generation of new knowledge and practices. Therefore, efforts to create trusting environments within a school may also improve the school’s innovative climate.

My developing thoughts on Social networking involve three points:

• ·      New knowledge is only as good as the old knowledge it was built upon.
• ·      Trust is the base for all relationships.
• ·      Our culture demands the use of technological social networking tools.

      The first, demonstrates the need for good foundational skills obtained through traditional education, which needs to include lessons on good judgment, and the second, the application of good judgment to building our ideas on solid research or proven wisdom.  We could certainly build very expensive castles on sand through social networking.  The British Journal of Educational Technology,  the Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, and the Teachers College Record are resources I have discovered since becoming a Walden University student which I feel I can trust to help me develop instructional design projects.

      The second, involves good management, which can create and guide environments where creativity is fostered.  In our class on organizations, this became apparent that organizations had to create a culture of creativity to maintain growth, competitiveness and to meet employees’ needs.  “Fostering Education” by Dr. Michelle Bligh, a video lecture through Walden University, highlights these needs within organizations and some of the challenges.

      While reading our discussion posts from this week on adult learning it could not be more evident the challenge we have with time and distance (Week 5 discussion between Shelia and Jeff, 2011). Our responsibilities are no longer bound by the geography of our local communities which thrusts us into the use of technology to save time, to access and share information, and to increase productivity in groups spread throughout the globe.  Thomas Friedman painted a clear picture of global productivity in “It’s a Flat World after All” published in the New York Times, April 3,2005, and this is dated. 

      Social networking aided by technology is our culture.  Functioning effectively within this domain requires the same etiquette and grace relationships have always required from the first hello.  It was the foundational requirement of trust,  that struck me in the conclusion from the study, Ties With Potential: Social Network Structure and Innovative Climate in Dutch Schools.  The need for social grace is also stated by my fellow students in the week 5 postings between Shelia, Jeff and Sonia that included this statement, “The key is to disagree without being disagreeable”.   Yes, much has changed technologically in our society, but the Golden Rule will always be applicable whether you are trying to be a good manager, a good teacher, or a good colleague: 
“So whatever you wish that others would do to you, do also to them, (ESV (©2001). If we abide by this axiom and use good judgment, technology based social networking can be a fabulous tool for advancing connections within our field of work, within our families and between friends!